{ "public_id": "c9ee25982f76", "claim": "BPC-157 heals leaky gut in humans", "context": "/a/bdnf-explained", "mode": "audit", "status": "done", "verdict": "false", "confidence": 80, "reasoning": "The evidence directly contradicts the claim as there are no human clinical trials that evaluate BPC-157 for gut healing (source IDs: c2, c3, s2, s3). Preclinical studies show promise, but human trials are lacking.", "evidence": [ { "slug": "bpc-157-glp1-gut-damage", "title": "BPC-157 for GLP-1 Agonist-Associated Gastrointestinal Effects", "excerpt": "GLP-1 Agonist Gastrointestinal Effects GLP-1 receptor agonists such as semaglutide and tirzepatide commonly produce gastrointestinal adverse events including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, affecting 30-80% of users depending on dose and agent. These effects arise from slowed gastric emptying and altered gut motility. More serious motility diso", "claims": [ { "text": "BPC-157 shows gastroprotective effects in rodent models of GI injury via FAK-paxillin and other pathways.", "tier": "preclinical", "id": "c2" }, { "text": "No human clinical trials have evaluated BPC-157 for GLP-1-related gut effects or general gut healing.", "tier": "human", "id": "c3" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s2", "type": "review", "url": "https://peptiq.io/blog/glp-1-side-effects-bpc-157-gi-protectant", "title": "BPC-157 and GLP-1 Side Effects: What the Research Really Shows", "quote": "In most of these models, BPC-157 administration was associated with protective and regenerative effects on gastrointestinal tissue.", "summary": "Summarizes rodent studies on BPC-157 GI protection.", "claim_ids": [ "c2" ], "found_by": "grok/grok-4.3", "extra": {}, "accessed_at": "2026-06-21T07:37:46.670Z", "link_status": "ok", "quote_status": "verified", "prev": "e136cdddf27acf22d86ae4e04d33bdd3af80cfb7bd4d7f97741001e55348068b", "hash": "cb48c7620e5a6e2044bd826942331cb51f4e128364092e335510268edb075e71" }, { "id": "s3", "type": "review", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/", "title": "Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157 for Musculoskeletal Healing", "quote": "Unfortunately, there have been limited in vivo clinical trials conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of BPC-157 usage in humans.", "summary": "Confirms scarcity of human trials for BPC-157 across indications.", "claim_ids": [ "c3" ], "found_by": "grok/grok-4.3", "extra": {}, "accessed_at": "2026-06-21T07:37:46.670Z", "link_status": "ok", "quote_status": "unverified", "prev": "cb48c7620e5a6e2044bd826942331cb51f4e128364092e335510268edb075e71", "hash": "9f0ac491e15371594aea32e8203f63cd179c28e50096127ab913983af9936445" } ] }, { "slug": "bdnf-explained", "title": "BDNF Explained: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Brain Health", "excerpt": "What Is BDNF? Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a protein and member of the neurotrophin family that supports neuronal survival, growth, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. What BDNF Does BDNF regulates synaptic transmission, promotes long-term potentiation (LTP) underlying learning and memory, increases dendritic spine density and complexity", "claims": [ { "text": "Aerobic and high-intensity exercise increase circulating BDNF levels in humans.", "tier": "human", "id": "c5" } ], "sources": [] }, { "slug": "how-to-read-a-peptide-study", "title": "How to Read a Peptide Study", "excerpt": "In Vitro vs In Vivo In vitro studies examine effects in isolated cells, tissues, or molecules outside a living organism. In vivo studies examine effects inside living organisms. Animal Studies Most peptide research begins with rat or mouse models. These provide controlled data on mechanisms, dosing, and safety signals before any human testing. Results do not", "claims": [ { "text": "Go to pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov and search peptide names plus keywords such as \"BPC-157 tendon\" or \"TB-500 human\".", "tier": "human", "id": "c6" } ], "sources": [] }, { "slug": "bpc-vs-ppi-comparison", "title": "BPC-157 vs Proton Pump Inhibitors for Gut Issues", "excerpt": "Mechanism Overview [[BPC-157]] is a synthetic peptide derived from a gastric protein. Preclinical studies indicate it promotes angiogenesis, blood flow, and tissue repair at injury sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) block acid production in the stomach. They provide symptom relief in GERD and esophagitis but do not regenerate ", "claims": [ { "text": "BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair in GI tract per preclinical studies.", "tier": "preclinical", "id": "c1" }, { "text": "No published human RCTs show BPC-157 efficacy for gut healing or GERD.", "tier": "human", "id": "c2" }, { "text": "In rodent fistula models, BPC-157 closed defects while PPIs had weak or no effect.", "tier": "preclinical", "id": "c4" } ], "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "type": "pubmed", "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.627533/full", "title": "Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing", "quote": "BPC 157 ... advantage ... over ... proton pump inhibitors which showed only weak, if any, effect on these fistulas closing", "summary": "Review of preclinical data showing BPC-157 healing effects superior to PPIs in fistula models.", "claim_ids": [ "c1", "c4" ], "found_by": "grok/grok-4.3", "extra": {}, "accessed_at": "2026-06-21T05:42:51.506Z", "link_status": "ok", "quote_status": "unverified", "prev": "genesis", "hash": "ccc90b82a1022d7210990704544fb3df87e49305c03fe720b33dd0dc2762be11" }, { "id": "s2", "type": "pubmed", "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12446177/", "title": "Regeneration or Risk? A Narrative Review of BPC-157", "quote": "Unfortunately, there have been limited in vivo clinical trials conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of BPC-157 usage", "summary": "Notes absence of robust human trials.", "claim_ids": [ "c2" ], "found_by": "grok/grok-4.3", "extra": {}, "accessed_at": "2026-06-21T05:42:51.506Z", "link_status": "ok", "quote_status": "unverified", "prev": "ccc90b82a1022d7210990704544fb3df87e49305c03fe720b33dd0dc2762be11", "hash": "b959860c177fc6ee8208f13382408b8e4b228a9920e55652e23d05b375a3f6f9" }, { "id": "s3", "type": "other", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIrI8STJPJo", "title": "Peptide BPC-157 - Does It Work?", "quote": "there were zero ... well done human clinical trials that show efficacy", "summary": "Expert summary confirming lack of published human efficacy data.", "claim_ids": [ "c2" ], "found_by": "grok/grok-4.3", "extra": {}, "accessed_at": "2026-06-21T05:42:51.506Z", "link_status": "http_429", "quote_status": "unverified", "prev": "b959860c177fc6ee8208f13382408b8e4b228a9920e55652e23d05b375a3f6f9", "hash": "0d3f0f08e51e2d4ad9b800f82ab215a23b7512e4e9f6809894aa37d4f0a913bb" } ] } ], "ledger_hash": "7e35993862e51ffa8604714e", "created_at": "2026-06-21T08:37:26.471Z", "updated_at": "2026-06-21T08:37:31.616Z" }