{"slug":"thymosin-alpha-1","verification":{"valid":true,"entries":26,"head":"46af67d63460c382ac2e8cc871e95a9431295b65c39c34d3d45537a120013842"},"count":26,"models":["grok/grok-4.3","grok-4.3","system/audit-repair","kimi/moonshot-v1-8k","fill-slots"],"yield":{"passes":26,"energy_spent_rows":0,"total_cost_usd":0.000532,"waste_cost_usd":0,"total_tokens":3549,"material_outputs":3,"usd_per_output":0.000177,"models":[{"model":"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k","passes":1,"cost_usd":0.000532,"tokens_total":3549,"outputs":3,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":0.000177},{"model":"grok/grok-4.3","passes":1,"cost_usd":0,"tokens_total":0,"outputs":0,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":null},{"model":"grok-4.3","passes":17,"cost_usd":0,"tokens_total":0,"outputs":0,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":null},{"model":"system/audit-repair","passes":5,"cost_usd":0,"tokens_total":0,"outputs":0,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":null},{"model":"fill-slots","passes":2,"cost_usd":0,"tokens_total":0,"outputs":0,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":null}],"constraints":{"constitution":"/api/articles/constitution","collaborate_schema":"POST /api/protocol/collaborate","pricing_ppm":{"grok-4.3":[1.25,2.5],"grok/grok-4.3":[1.25,2.5],"grok-build-0.1":[1,2],"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k":[0.15,0.15],"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash":[0.075,0.3],"gemini/gemini-2.0-flash-lite":[0.075,0.3],"openai/gpt-4o":[2.5,10],"openai/gpt-4o-mini":[0.15,0.6],"system/reflex":[0,0],"ingest:deterministic":[0,0],"fill-slots":[0,0]}}},"contributions":[{"seq":0,"id":"k1","ts":"2026-06-29T08:34:28.296Z","model":"grok/grok-4.3","role":"writer","action":"redraft","payload":{"title":"Thymosin Alpha-1: Immune Modulation","register":"source_ledger","body":"## Introduction\n\nThymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1), also known as thymalfasin, is a 28-amino-acid peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue.\n\n## Mechanism of Action\n\nTα1 acts through Toll-like receptors on dendritic cells, promoting maturation and activation of T cells including CD4+/CD8+ subsets (mechanistic). It supports cytokine production such as IFN-γ and IL-2 while modulating inflammatory signals (mechanistic).\n\n## Preclinical Evidence\n\nIn animal and cell studies, Tα1 restores immune function in thymectomized models and enhances T-cell responses (preclinical). It has shown direct effects on immune cell subsets without broad suppression (preclinical).\n\n## Human Clinical Data\n\nMultiple human trials and reviews document use in conditions involving immune compromise, with observations of restored cell-mediated immunity (human). A 2020 comprehensive review notes applications in immunocompromised states and infections (human). A 2024 review of over 11,000 subjects across trials reports safety and efficacy signals in various contexts (human). No human data exists for certain speculative long-term outcomes in healthy populations.\n\n## Distinctions from Suppression\n\nTα1 is described as supporting immune function rather than suppressing it, consistent with its role in immune modulation (human/preclinical).","claims":[{"id":"c1","text":"Tα1 acts through Toll-like receptors on dendritic cells, promoting maturation and activation of T cells including CD4+/CD8+ subsets.","section":"Mechanism of Action","tier":"mechanistic","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Core mechanism from primary reviews","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"extra":{}},{"id":"c2","text":"In animal and cell studies, Tα1 restores immune function in thymectomized models and enhances T-cell responses.","section":"Preclinical Evidence","tier":"preclinical","source_ids":["s1","s2"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Separates animal data from human","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.5,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"extra":{}},{"id":"c3","text":"Multiple human trials and reviews document use in conditions involving immune compromise, with observations of restored cell-mediated immunity.","section":"Human Clinical Data","tier":"human","source_ids":["s1","s3"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Human trial summary without claims","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.8,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"extra":{}},{"id":"c4","text":"Tα1 is described as supporting immune function rather than suppressing it.","section":"Distinctions from Suppression","tier":"mechanistic","source_ids":["s1"],"source_status":"sourced","why_material":"Repair-vs-suppression framing","evidence_basis":"derived_inference","weight":0.3,"status":"active","stance_scores":{"neutral":0,"pro":0,"adversary":0},"extra":{}}],"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"review","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7747025/","title":"Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature","quote":"Thymosin alpha 1 is a peptide naturally occurring in the thymus that has long been recognized for modifying, enhancing, and restoring immune function.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s2","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27450734/","title":"Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment","quote":"Thymosin alpha 1 (Ta1) is a peptide originally isolated from thymic tissue as the compound responsible for restoring immune function to thymectomized mice.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s3","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38308608/","title":"Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials","quote":"This study aims to assess the safety and efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) through a comprehensive narrative review of clinical studies involving over 11 000 human subjects in more than 30 trials.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"}]},"rationale":"","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"genesis","hash":"3e3cc9984e270ea7e7280f5be6d76876bb1d79caf845c026fe505d5a5217e4dd"},{"seq":1,"id":"k2","ts":"2026-06-29T10:00:13.981Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s4","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/388/bmj-2024-082583","title":"The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trial","quote":"This trial found no clear evidence to suggest that thymosin α1 decreases 28 day all cause mortality in adults with sepsis.","link_status":"http_403","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s5","type":"review","url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/medicine/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1388959/full","title":"Phenotypic drug discovery: a case for thymosin alpha-1","quote":"This article explores the experiences of researchers testing the effect of a thymic peptide hormone, thymosin alpha-1, in preclinical and clinical settings.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s6","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06821100","title":"Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha 1; Ta1) as an Enhancer of Vaccine Response Among Older Adults Receiving Booster Doses of COVID-19 Vaccine","quote":"This research study will test the safety and possible harms of Ta1 when it is given to people at different dose levels before COVID-19 vaccination.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s7","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40599771/","title":"Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","quote":"Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) is an important immunomodulatory agent in clinical practice, but there is a lack evidence to prove its effectiveness in improving the condition of SAP patients.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s8","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/covidlonghaulers/comments/1r5ekd8/5_years_long_covid_thymosin_alpha_1_peptide_wow/","title":"5 Years Long Covid - Thymosin Alpha 1 Peptide - WOW!","quote":"I am now testing Thymosin Alpha 1 Peptide and I have to say WOW! This peptide brings me back to life.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s9","type":"review","url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/26/23/11470","title":"Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1","quote":"Preclinical and clinical studies show that Tα1 can improve vaccine response in the elderly and mitigate immunosenescence.","link_status":"http_403","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 1","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"3e3cc9984e270ea7e7280f5be6d76876bb1d79caf845c026fe505d5a5217e4dd","hash":"db555defa006716241b495087fcb1e8b3fa9c66dc65763e2af4b39b2140b8c3e"},{"seq":2,"id":"k3","ts":"2026-06-29T10:00:42.580Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s10","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07644897","title":"Thymosin Alpha 1 Combined With Anti-PD-1 Monoclonal Antibody in Elderly Patients With Advanced Melanoma","quote":"Primary Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Thymosin Alpha-1 combined with PD-1 monoclonal antibody in elderly patients with advanced melanoma .","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s11","type":"review","url":"https://www.innerbody.com/thymosin-alpha-1-peptide","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 Peptide: Benefits and Safety [2026]","quote":"In contrast to those findings, a placebo-controlled trial from early 2025 with over 1,000 subjects found “no clear evidence” that TA-1 decreased 28-day all-cause mortality in adults with sepsis.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s12","type":"youtube","url":"https://www.youtube.com/shorts/_3M2gu4kG68","title":"Autoimmune Peptides: Just Hype? (Thymosin Alpha-1 ...","quote":"Thymosin Alpha-1 helps recalibrate immune function so your body stops attacking itself while still defending against infections.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 2","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"db555defa006716241b495087fcb1e8b3fa9c66dc65763e2af4b39b2140b8c3e","hash":"13df71b400002a2212531b1bc04cc3328bc8482c8bd3d2c953d495a119bfac13"},{"seq":3,"id":"k4","ts":"2026-06-29T10:00:59.896Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s13","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/cfs/comments/1nl65vu/be_careful_about_thymosin_alpha1/","title":"be careful about thymosin alpha-1 : r/cfs","quote":"I am having the same problems with TA-1 I just connected the dots after 2 weeks of being on TA-1 my lymph nodes are swollen in my neck ...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s14","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/covidlonghaulers/comments/1pbotcz/anyone_get_side_effectsan_immune_reaction_to/","title":"Anyone get side effects/an immune reaction to Thymosin- ...","quote":"Im 2 weeks into TA-1 , its working as expected. Immune activation/rebalancing - clearing out virus/viral debris my body was unable to deal with before (Feels like a bad cold/minor flu).","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s15","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Ameano_Peptides/comments/1ojbasq/a_complete_guide_for_thymosin_alpha_1/","title":"A Complete Guide for Thymosin Alpha 1","quote":"I have been experimenting with ta1 and vip for a few weeks for some really bad eczema and doing a similar protocol. my eczema seems to respond really well to ta1...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s16","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/covidlonghaulers/comments/1l2k4tj/thymosin_alpha1_t%CE%B11_has_anyone_seen_any_studies/","title":"Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) has anyone seen any studies or ...","quote":"I just stated my ta-1 about two weeks ago and I can confirm I have felt the benefits majorly. Clearer head, heightened energy, just the ...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s17","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/MCAS/comments/1mcx0o3/peptide_called_thymosin_alpha_1_is_resolving_my/","title":"Peptide called Thymosin Alpha 1 is resolving my MCAS","quote":"TA-1 works when I use it! But it doesn't have a noticeable benefit when I'm not using it.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s18","type":"x","url":"https://x.com/BowTiedUM/status/1760474750730568092","title":"The Superhuman Immune System Peptide Big Pharma Wants BANNED","quote":"I knew I struck gold when I caught a cold, took a 2mg shot, and woke up the next day feeling GREAT. My cough, runny nose, and body aches: GONE","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s19","type":"x","url":"https://x.com/jessicaalanas/status/1755232184317649040","title":"Megadose experience with Thymosin Alpha 1","quote":"I took a megadose of Thymosin Alpha 1 peptide for 3 days in a row. By day 3, I was so sick I could not go outside. Today, I woke up and I feel significantly *stronger* than before.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 3","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"13df71b400002a2212531b1bc04cc3328bc8482c8bd3d2c953d495a119bfac13","hash":"fa5ad180275178c4929dea811c25fe962390e4a445a1194fb5b7ca3b0d51e6cc"},{"seq":4,"id":"k5","ts":"2026-06-29T10:01:21.140Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s20","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04487444","title":"Thymalfasin (Thymosin Alpha 1) to Treat COVID-19 Infection","quote":"A course of Ta1 administered to hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 infection and lymphocytopenia will improve the time to recovery (primary objective) and ...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s21","type":"review","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12208829/","title":"Thymosin alpha 1 alleviates inflammation and prevents infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis through immune regulation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","quote":"Five randomized controlled trials comprising 706 patients with SAP were included.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s22","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40955371/","title":"The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets","quote":"The Immunomodulatory Activity of Thymosin Alpha 1 on Tumor Cell Lines and Distinct Immune Cell Subsets. 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There is no clinical data that shows TA1 can heal your alopecia but it sounds promising.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s25","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohack_Blueprint/comments/1thd0od/thymosin_alpha1_complete_guide_the_immune_peptide/","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 Complete Guide: The Immune Peptide ...","quote":"Thymosin Alpha-1 modulates immune function in multiple ways: T-cell maturation and function.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s26","type":"x","url":"https://x.com/RickWingfield5/status/2071331718015918545","title":"X post on Thymosin Alpha 1","quote":"One \"immune peptides\" out there is Thymosin ALPHA 1. It is approved in over 40 countries.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 4","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"fa5ad180275178c4929dea811c25fe962390e4a445a1194fb5b7ca3b0d51e6cc","hash":"6ee617760934f384323b8a58a601af96b1de2e9b311536d1bec247d3b755c633"},{"seq":5,"id":"k6","ts":"2026-06-29T10:02:23.494Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s27","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40969554/","title":"Efficacy of thymosin α1 for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","quote":"Tα1 has the potential to decrease 28-day mortality rates in patients with sepsis; however, it is crucial to recognize that its efficacy differs among various subgroups. These observations underscore the significance of personalized immunotherapy strategies in forthcoming clinical trials.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s28","type":"medical","url":"https://superpower.com/guides/thymosin-alpha-1","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin): A Thymic Peptide and Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Modulator","quote":"Thymosin alpha-1 is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide approved as Zadaxin in more than 35 countries for chronic hepatitis B but not FDA-approved in the US. ... As of April 2026, thymosin alpha-1 is not FDA-approved in the United States. It is approved internationally under the brand name Zadaxin for chronic hepatitis B in more than 35 countries, including China and Italy. In the US, it holds FDA 503A Category 2 status following the February 2026 reclassification.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s29","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/ankylosingspondylitis/comments/1rzhnmd/thymosin_alpha_1_peptide/","title":"Thymosin alpha 1 peptide?","quote":"The peptide thymosin alpha 1 has been shown to be able retrain the immune system. Ankylosing is an autoimmune disorder. It helps heal the gut but also helps ... Ok I have tried this peptide.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s30","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/NTNPerformance/comments/1sx69j7/thymosin_alpha1_guide_immune_support_dosing_and/","title":"Thymosin Alpha-1 guide immune support, dosing, and ...","quote":"Thymosin Alpha-1 guide immune support, dosing , It helps regulate immune response. Its been studied in hepatitis B and C","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 1","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"6ee617760934f384323b8a58a601af96b1de2e9b311536d1bec247d3b755c633","hash":"ed5c16985bb41ca36500914be87eaa7394c8ba1171e0c2716bcfde7a960b3e0a"},{"seq":6,"id":"k7","ts":"2026-06-29T10:02:48.730Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s31","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41883056","title":"IL-15 Plus Thymosin α1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8+ T Cells and Enhances Antitumor Immunity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","quote":"Combined IL-15 and Tα1 therapy reverses CD8 + T cell senescence and enhances antitumor immunity in HCC through suppression of the phosphatidylinositol ...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s32","type":"review","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12904209/","title":"Age-related thymic involution: Mechanistic insights and rejuvenating approaches to restore immune function","quote":"Thymosin α1 is used to treat some chronic viral infections , such as hepatitis B and C, as an immunomodulator (125). 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We’re asking for research purposes (not endorsing ...","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s36","type":"review","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12692621/","title":"Aging and Thymosin Alpha-1","quote":"Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1), a peptide hormone produced by the thymus, exhibits potent immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 2","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"prev_hash":"ed5c16985bb41ca36500914be87eaa7394c8ba1171e0c2716bcfde7a960b3e0a","hash":"45c7bf36d4c13eed7b7d44b526ad74fe34feb8a404fb24f267ab69f5be154059"},{"seq":7,"id":"k8","ts":"2026-06-29T10:03:24.202Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s37","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/CIRS/comments/1ncxx31/thymosinalpha_1/","title":"Thymosin-alpha 1 ??","quote":"I actually tried it back in October and it sent me into the worst flare I’ve had in 4 years. Felt awful and took me almost 2 full months to recover.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s38","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Hashimotos/comments/1lped2z/peptides/","title":"Peptides","quote":"I tried TA-1 for 8 weeks and it increased my TPO antibodies.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s39","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/CIRS/comments/1ncxx31/thymosinalpha_1/","title":"Thymosin-alpha 1 ??","quote":"Each herx reaction was slightly different but the first one, I felt “classicly sick”, like how normal people feel when they get the flu... Then after that they started to feel a bit more similar, usually severe fatigue plus normal viral symptoms. ... once I stabilize at each dose increase, I feel like I get about 2-3% of my life back.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s40","type":"x","url":"https://x.com/CaneGrrl/status/2068318610662072812","title":"X post by @CaneGrrl","quote":"Anyone else experience sleep benefits with Thymosin Alpha-1? Could be a coincidence but my REM and deep sleep have gone up every night I’ve take it (which is only 3 so far, but still…)","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s41","type":"x","url":"https://x.com/quardoqu/status/2060338402189353350","title":"X post by @quardoqu","quote":"My top Long Covid treatments so far after six years in order of effectiveness out of a 100+: 1. LDN ... 2. 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You don't want to jack up T cell activity if T cell activity is already problematic.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s78","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/smallfiberneuropathy/comments/1phisi1/thymosin_alpha_1/","title":"Thymosin Alpha 1","quote":"I just started! Haven’t seen any results or had any relief yet but I will keep you posted!","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s79","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Immunology/comments/q6bgrz/thymosin_alpha_1_daily_vs_twice_weekly/","title":"Thymosin alpha 1 daily vs twice weekly administration","quote":"I basically get more ill for a few days every time I take the TA1. So it’s a bit of a hinderance to general work and life stuff. 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