{"slug":"semax-tbi-concussion","verification":{"valid":true,"entries":26,"head":"7749ac2117e8a0c2fa92f3e4f8ea43477051c1d11e0a1db3a7dbd3a66c2c14b5"},"count":26,"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16635254/","title":"Semax, an analogue of adrenocorticotropin (4-10), binds specifically and increases levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in rat basal forebrain","quote":"Semax stimulates the synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)... in astrocytes cultured from rat basal forebrain.","summary":"Rat cell study showing Semax increases BDNF protein.","claim_ids":["c2","c3","c29"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T09:17:07.484Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"genesis","hash":"5ffc19a28b5ce764b3ff4669d432ff3432e3b1bad4b2a2114a0f90eae4c98b56","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s2","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17011525/","title":"Semax, an analog of ACTH(4–10) with cognitive effects, regulates BDNF and trkB expression in the rat hippocampus","quote":"a single application of Semax (50 μg/kg body weight) results in a maximal 1.4-fold increase of BDNF protein levels accompanying with 1.6-fold increase of trkB tyrosine phosphorylation levels...","summary":"Rat hippocampal study quantifying BDNF/TrkB effects.","claim_ids":["c4"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T09:17:07.484Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"5ffc19a28b5ce764b3ff4669d432ff3432e3b1bad4b2a2114a0f90eae4c98b56","hash":"9ecaf26bd2e31117f0cbb6afc9e17b5c38a73f483fe9f5f723126283332bd865","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s3","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11517472/","title":"[Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric stroke]","quote":"Efficiency of Semax... was studied in 30 patients in acute period of hemispherical ischemic stroke.","summary":"Human stroke trial; related but not TBI.","claim_ids":["c6"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T09:17:07.484Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"9ecaf26bd2e31117f0cbb6afc9e17b5c38a73f483fe9f5f723126283332bd865","hash":"a5b8f8897907605a0100e146280cee6b56b045bff3a796c8e8caa5db52221082","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s4","type":"medical","url":"https://peptpedia.org/peptide/semax","title":"Semax: Mechanism, Effects & Research Studies","quote":"Robust research demonstrates Semax provides significant protection against neural damage from multiple insults including ischemia (stroke), oxidative stress, neurotoxin exposure, and traumatic brain injury.","summary":"Details Semax's neuroprotective effects including for TBI, with references to Russian clinical data on brain injury recovery and BDNF/NGF upregulation.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:12.415Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","prev":"a5b8f8897907605a0100e146280cee6b56b045bff3a796c8e8caa5db52221082","hash":"d49cbbb95ea99e78ca7532c5dd9a41f7c4c96ed19a5ee34f2dbf372ce471723c","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s5","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/TBI/comments/1t25t3z/semax_nasal_spray_life_changing_have_my_memory/","title":"Semax nasal spray life changing have my memory back","quote":"Semax nasal spray life changing have my memory back... I was like Dory it was very scary - now not an issue. Especially Semax Amidate stronger.","summary":"User anecdote of significant memory recovery after TBI/concussion using Semax nasal spray, with comments from others reporting similar benefits or experiences.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c8","c30"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:12.415Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"d49cbbb95ea99e78ca7532c5dd9a41f7c4c96ed19a5ee34f2dbf372ce471723c","hash":"16a1c0918204a004509af3add1a4cf5470d5a843991f4d82070e44bbc1890403","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s6","type":"medical","url":"https://www.helimeds.com/blog/semax-dosage","title":"Semax Peptide Dosage Guide: Benefits, Safety & Best Practices","quote":"In Russia and Eastern Europe, semax peptide is approved for acute ischemic stroke recovery and traumatic brain injury support.","summary":"2026 article noting Semax approval and use for TBI support in Russia/Eastern Europe, with dosing info.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c9"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:12.415Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","prev":"16a1c0918204a004509af3add1a4cf5470d5a843991f4d82070e44bbc1890403","hash":"0966703329b95fa80f8379df520d16b9a5109b9a6d3177d4de285c5182772020","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s7","type":"youtube","url":"https://youtube.com/shorts/2VRcuW5aF1Y","title":"Potential TBI & Stroke Recovery Compound #shorts","quote":"Originally studied in Russia, intranasal Semax , a 7-amino acid peptide, showed promise in helping patients recover faster after TBI and stroke.","summary":"Short video highlighting Semax research for faster recovery after TBI and stroke.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c10","c30"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:12.415Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"0966703329b95fa80f8379df520d16b9a5109b9a6d3177d4de285c5182772020","hash":"d693881cf3df2f58adba369645f4af32643839cadf80a78b62a16d8083bd272a","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s8","type":"other","url":"https://peptideslabuk.com/semax-and-traumatic-brain-injury-research-neuroprotection-neuroinflammation-and-tbi-biology-uk-2026/","title":"Semax and Traumatic Brain Injury Research","quote":"In ischaemia and TBI models, semax treatment has been associated with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in peri-lesional tissue and ...","summary":"2026 article examining Semax research in TBI models, focusing on neuroprotection and reduced inflammation.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:12.415Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"d693881cf3df2f58adba369645f4af32643839cadf80a78b62a16d8083bd272a","hash":"e650c8ae9f6dd7832edf44444399df70327e9cd4577e7bf9d56f47c9ad7d1af6","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s9","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28255762/","title":"Semax, an analog of ACTH(4-7), regulates expression of immune response genes during ischemic brain injury in rats","quote":"Consisting of the ACTH(4-7) fragment and the tripeptide Pro-Gly-Pro (PGP), the synthetic peptide Semax effectively protects brain against ischemic stroke.","summary":"2017 study on Semax regulating immune genes in rat ischemic brain injury model, relevant to neuroprotection in brain injury contexts.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c12"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"e650c8ae9f6dd7832edf44444399df70327e9cd4577e7bf9d56f47c9ad7d1af6","hash":"fa0c78581fe7df79647038318320db19f2d7a5e7db6d11852ef25b7acb95aba6","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s10","type":"review","url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11314487/","title":"Mitigating Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review of Supplementation and Dietary Protocols","quote":"However, to this day, there is no human data on the use of semax in TBI patients.","summary":"2024 narrative review notes lack of human clinical data for Semax in TBI despite preclinical interest.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","prev":"fa0c78581fe7df79647038318320db19f2d7a5e7db6d11852ef25b7acb95aba6","hash":"99a23eeb2cef71e361ec05e35e86a26e35083d2e0d2affdca99058d83b7afb13","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s11","type":"medical","url":"https://www.paragonsportsmedicine.com/peptides/semax","title":"Semax Peptide | Focus & Brain Support","quote":"TBI Recovery Enhancement: Research indicates significant benefits in: Accelerated recovery from mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Improved cognitive function restoration following head trauma.","summary":"Clinic page details Semax mechanisms and claimed benefits for TBI rehabilitation based on research.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"99a23eeb2cef71e361ec05e35e86a26e35083d2e0d2affdca99058d83b7afb13","hash":"258a0741856f398065ab125336992bd31e7510755c62c5b6ee73156024a2ff85","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s12","type":"medical","url":"https://newtropin.com/peptides/semax","title":"Semax Peptide: Mechanisms, Research & Clinical Overview","quote":"Preclinical investigations of Semax in traumatic brain injury (TBI) models have demonstrated reductions in cerebral edema, inflammatory markers, and cell death in perilesional tissue.","summary":"2026 overview of Semax research including preclinical TBI findings and note on limited human TBI data.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","prev":"258a0741856f398065ab125336992bd31e7510755c62c5b6ee73156024a2ff85","hash":"8627a2ebd1893617f9361dfc62d280cfbe9afa3f52d60b06d6c002ac348fe1c1","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s13","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/1kqgnxi/recommended_nootropics_post_traumatic_brain_injury/","title":"Recommended nootropics post traumatic brain injury","quote":"Semax is one of the go-to's for an actual brain injury. Could also use stuff like piracetam/ nooptept as well for the NGF/BDNF benefits","summary":"Reddit user recommends Semax for TBI recovery citing nerve repair potential.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c16","c30"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"8627a2ebd1893617f9361dfc62d280cfbe9afa3f52d60b06d6c002ac348fe1c1","hash":"e0096967c50c56280b4c06ef13b352355ba9a4f49aa41bb0ca763d1c0c2d625b","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s14","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Semax/comments/1qde113/trying_semax_for_recovery_from_multiple_tbis_and/","title":"Trying Semax for recovery from multiple TBI's and former drug/alcohol abuse","quote":"Trying Semax for recovery from multiple TBI's and former drug/alcohol abuse. Advice, data, anecdotes and protocols welcome.","summary":"Reddit post seeking experiences with Semax for multiple TBI recovery.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c17"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"e0096967c50c56280b4c06ef13b352355ba9a4f49aa41bb0ca763d1c0c2d625b","hash":"47a5c78bbfaa8dd69a8ed718b6ac98e38b30c47e60acd92242bd0f5f7b06a7cf","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s15","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Cerebrolysin/comments/1fq88zm/ive_been_using_cerebrolysin_and_semax_to_recover/","title":"I've been using cerebrolysin and semax to recover from a TBI and concussion","quote":"I've been using cerebrolysin and semax to recover from a TBI and concussion for the past few days (it's working very well)","summary":"Anecdotal report of positive effects from Semax (with Cerebrolysin) for recent TBI/concussion recovery.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c18"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:35.900Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"47a5c78bbfaa8dd69a8ed718b6ac98e38b30c47e60acd92242bd0f5f7b06a7cf","hash":"764c643eebd6f7e6b4128295e3a6f7b58701afa5b98f158de6ab1541b1fcb13e","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s16","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/TBI/comments/1r2hhqw/in_the_united_states_the_focus_is_on_managing_the/","title":"In the united states, the focus is on managing the symptoms of concussions/tbi, not actually helping the brain repair itself","quote":"Ive used all 3 and for the first time in 2 years i’ve seen improvements despite doing everything else doctors have told me to do. ... 2 doses of cerebrolysin and it feels like its almost cleared up my neuroinflammation that had been causing relentless headaches, brain fog etc.","summary":"User with multiple TBIs/concussions reports positive improvements from Semax, Selank, and Cerebrolysin (first in 2 years), attributing relief from neuroinflammation, headaches, and brain fog.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c19"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:56.966Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"764c643eebd6f7e6b4128295e3a6f7b58701afa5b98f158de6ab1541b1fcb13e","hash":"c4c5e219b23db1cc7c990f86954678749f01021a21dec014acb3d8fe4d0eb627","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s17","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/TBI/comments/1trfom1/breakdowns_breakthroughs/","title":"Breakdowns & breakthroughs","quote":"I just started semax/selank and fell like it's helping. Have you tried these peptides? How do you administer them? I use the nasal spray amd thinking about IV route.","summary":"TBI patient comment states they just started Semax/Selank nasal spray and feel it is helping; asks about administration options.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c20"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:12:56.966Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"c4c5e219b23db1cc7c990f86954678749f01021a21dec014acb3d8fe4d0eb627","hash":"d32d54ae790c8acdbfaccd71f8333dde296ea6588a41fa0286fe212b1f0c5507","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s18","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342318/","title":"Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects","quote":"The present study was aimed at the assessment of effects of anxiolytic Selank and nootropic Semax on the whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of each of the predefined regions of interest (ROIs) in 52 healthy participants.","summary":"2020 study on Semax (and Selank) effects on brain functional connectivity via fMRI in healthy subjects; not TBI-specific but relevant to neuro effects.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c21"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:13:22.283Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","prev":"d32d54ae790c8acdbfaccd71f8333dde296ea6588a41fa0286fe212b1f0c5507","hash":"b499716356b555f3172e79777e1007ef5f7d679d26a90d762fafa7e322db0429","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s19","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Semax/comments/1d4jbyf/using_semax_for_concussion_recovery/","title":"Using Semax for CONCUSSION RECOVERY","quote":"There is evidence suggesting that Semax may accelerate recovery from brain injuries by promoting neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.","summary":"2024 Reddit post and comments discussing personal use/experience of Semax for post-concussion recovery, with users recommending it alongside other peptides.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c22"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:13:22.283Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"b499716356b555f3172e79777e1007ef5f7d679d26a90d762fafa7e322db0429","hash":"3bb60aa9d4147c335716a0c6dbb1c6d1740ff4a063ec42a543f60bb461d81cec","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s20","type":"medical","url":"https://revivecolorado.net/semax-for-brain-health-neuroprotection-and-recovery-support/","title":"Semax for Brain Health: Neuroprotection and Recovery Support","quote":"Following TBI, Semax’s ability to reduce inflammation, support neuronal survival, and enhance BDNF may aid the recovery process. While more research is needed, preliminary evidence suggests peptide therapy could support healing and potentially reduce long-term consequences of brain injury.","summary":"Clinic article detailing Semax mechanisms and potential for TBI/concussion/post-concussion syndrome recovery via neuroprotection, anti-inflammation, and BDNF upregulation.","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c5"],"found_by":"grok/grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T11:13:22.283Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"3bb60aa9d4147c335716a0c6dbb1c6d1740ff4a063ec42a543f60bb461d81cec","hash":"f5a5461c12932ff980fb3fadc63feb107ce57617796db6185d0b858a23d47d29","source_role":"core_stack_evidence"},{"id":"s21","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/TBI/comments/1t258on/i_have_tbi_from_a_car_crash_my_child_thought_i/","title":"I have TBI from a car crash my child thought I was getting dementia. I take Semax nasal spray has been life changing miraculous","quote":"I have TBI from a car crash my child thought I was getting dementia. I take Semax nasal spray has been life changing miraculous.","summary":"Original post claiming positive, life-changing effect of Semax nasal spray for TBI symptoms including memory/dementia-like issues (anecdotal, not advice).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c32"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"f5a5461c12932ff980fb3fadc63feb107ce57617796db6185d0b858a23d47d29","hash":"554e3af577436cb198de6678e4edf8720fe6b5e50de6a3547debc59b083981fd","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s22","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/PostConcussion/comments/1srz832/headaches_will_they_ever_go_away/","title":"headaches will they ever go away?","quote":"dose creatine (10-20mg/day) and semax /selank/cerebrolysin. Only things that have helped me.","summary":"Comment reporting Semax (with others) helped with post-concussion headaches (anecdotal, not advice).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c33"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"554e3af577436cb198de6678e4edf8720fe6b5e50de6a3547debc59b083981fd","hash":"6bd956d04bac30442ac2602d06a78159ea8701a5b7d662bd0804bce63e23aa2e","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s23","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Ultramarathon/comments/1srblv6/post100_brain_fogconcussion/","title":"Post-100 Brain Fog/Concussion","quote":"Not a doctor and not advise, just what has worked amazing for me: Peptides. Daily NAD+ 25mg. Semax 5 days/ wk 500-1000mcg ... My TBI / concussion was 10ish years ...","summary":"Comment with dosing anecdote (500-1000mcg Semax 5 days/week) claimed to help long-term TBI/concussion brain fog (anecdotal, not advice).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c34"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"6bd956d04bac30442ac2602d06a78159ea8701a5b7d662bd0804bce63e23aa2e","hash":"194150aa607af131efafd0a2a45267aeb55043bbb5dcdaae6ed6eb4ad4cee5e6","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s24","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Nootropics/comments/7rh3bh/tried_semax_now_my_hair_is_falling_out/","title":"Tried Semax, now my hair is falling out","quote":"I started Semax on Tuesday in an attempt to treat my concussion. I ordered the 600mcg regular Semax nasal spray and sprayed three times a day - in retrospect a hugely dumb idea, but I had heard that was approximately the dose for concussion treatment. Tonight, Thursday night, I noticed that my hairline looked slightly different. ... my hair was falling out around my temples.","summary":"OP reports rapid hair loss side effect after high-dose Semax (1800mcg/day nasal) intended for concussion (anecdotal; many comments discuss possible telogen effluvium or BDNF link, some regrowth reports after stopping).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c35"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"194150aa607af131efafd0a2a45267aeb55043bbb5dcdaae6ed6eb4ad4cee5e6","hash":"7b9910845f0b66d746b2bdc58c7cc449ff50ad3d12d014edb13479434bc0bb56","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s25","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/Biohackers/comments/1k06ld7/recommendations_for_tbiconcussions/","title":"Recommendations for tbi/concussions?","quote":"You may also want to look into more hardcore options like Cerebrolysin, P21, Dihexa or Semax. Cerebrolysin is probably the best all around peptide for healing the brain but it involves injecting high volumes intramuscularly. ... The last two peptides are much more mild but can also be used to treat TBI.","summary":"Comment recommending Semax (and others) for TBI recovery, noting it as milder option (anecdotal, not advice).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c36"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"7b9910845f0b66d746b2bdc58c7cc449ff50ad3d12d014edb13479434bc0bb56","hash":"5d2692a98bcc624219154079e2277c0e559fb1124b2d81283165d8e6bd033e13","source_role":"anecdotal_report"},{"id":"s26","type":"reddit","url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/TBI/comments/1tnaxpi/does_it_get_better/","title":"Does it get better?","quote":"(physio) Osteopath released cranial fluid - neurotherapy and Semax have helped a lot.","summary":"Comment claiming Semax helped with TBI recovery alongside other therapies (anecdotal, not advice).","author":"","publisher":"","date":"","claim_ids":["c37"],"found_by":"grok-4.3","extra":{},"accessed_at":"2026-06-29T18:29:37.325Z","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","prev":"5d2692a98bcc624219154079e2277c0e559fb1124b2d81283165d8e6bd033e13","hash":"7749ac2117e8a0c2fa92f3e4f8ea43477051c1d11e0a1db3a7dbd3a66c2c14b5","source_role":"anecdotal_report"}]}