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Per-claim provenance."}],"not_medical_advice":true},"slug":"glutathione","title":"glutathione","register":"standard","tags":[],"updated_at":"2026-07-17T02:39:26.991Z","body_excerpt":"## Overview\nEvidence is being populated by Grok web search.","ranking":"safety-first (interaction_risk/limitations), then quote-gated effective_weight","claims":[],"sources":[{"id":"s1","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40013212/","title":"Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review","quote":"This narrative review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral, topical, and intravenous glutathione in skin-lightening therapies.","summary":"2025 narrative review assessing glutathione supplementation methods for skin lightening efficacy and safety.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"98a1b6b69a4a16b409d619dcf86baa28799a91d93512d4847a5ddead8ce4e415"},{"id":"s2","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900080/","title":"Glutathione in Skin Aging and Tissue Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Redox Modulation, and Biomedical Implications","quote":"This systematic review evaluated molecular, clinical, and translational evidence of glutathione's applications and safety across different delivery modalities.","summary":"2026 PRISMA systematic review of 194 studies (2000-2025) on glutathione in dermatology and regenerative medicine.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"318b5939c97fa1940a201112d64df2875977c8579ad5f613aa8db7f9028f8a31"},{"id":"s3","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40149620/","title":"A Literature Review of Glutathione Therapy in Ameliorating Hepatic Dysfunction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","quote":"This literature review examines studies from 2014-2024 exploring GSH therapy in NAFLD patients.","summary":"2025 review of GSH as intervention for NAFLD, focusing on liver function and oxidative stress markers.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"c5d9c0f32370ef85717b5769826867ba3f2903fe68ee32b4f8f326c3fbae1dad"},{"id":"s4","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41416233/","title":"Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Glutathione in Dermatology","quote":"Five clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Results: Studies suggest glutathione may improve hyperpigmentation and provide antioxidant advantages.","summary":"2025 systematic review of topical glutathione trials in dermatology for hyperpigmentation and safety.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"ff674ba35a946a766ee5e62d672353e7111105ce200efe8bcecc187f5dc8b010"},{"id":"s5","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41897500/","title":"A Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of Oral Glutathione Bioavailability and Safety in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial","quote":"This human pilot study aimed to evaluate the oral absorption and safety profile of a novel formulation of micellar glutathione (LipoMicel ® , LMG) compared with two commonly used dietary supplement forms.","summary":"2026 randomized crossover trial showing enhanced bioavailability of micellar glutathione vs standard forms, with good safety.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"41fc7722265349d1da7a56e5635c7e884e20a5695c3ec9f83709e9dd56387d4b"},{"id":"s6","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41559937/","title":"Liposomal glutathione outperforms plain glutathione in uptake, cell regeneration and systemic availability: evidence from cellular and human models","quote":"LipoDuo™ Glutathione significantly improves cellular delivery, biological activity and systemic bioavailability compared with conventional glutathione. Its bimodal distribution and prolonged plasma retention position it as a next-generation antioxidant supplement with clinical potential in oxidative stress management, skin health and metabolic recovery.","summary":"Compares novel liposomal glutathione (LipoDuo™) to plain glutathione in HEK293T cells and a human pharmacokinetic study; shows ~1.9-fold higher uptake, superior proliferation/wound healing, and 6x higher plasma Cmax with prolonged retention.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"003a68afee309031a2e0428abdcc6e3ccab50fc9aa295432b982235b5e48c48b"},{"id":"s7","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492778/","title":"Brain Glutathione Levels Associate With Cognitive Function in Healthy Aging","quote":"Glutathione (GSH), the brain's primary endogenous antioxidant, is integral to the cerebral antioxidant defense system and essential for maintaining redox balance.","summary":"Associates brain glutathione levels with cognitive function in healthy aging via neuroimaging and cognitive assessments.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"0a4a7757170c2459b96d6020f7d6b2a968e1e0c5d919d6f51784e414740a47fb"},{"id":"s8","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41983395/","title":"Hepatic glutathione depletion ameliorates MASLD through modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation","quote":"Glutathione (GSH) maintains a reduced cellular environment and is widely believed to mitigate disease-associated oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA.","summary":"Investigates how hepatic GSH depletion affects metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) via lipid metabolism and inflammatory pathways in 2026 study.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"c32cf74d1256ce784fa6b0898b523d9c6e544f68a0d757ab769fbd858a1587b9"},{"id":"s9","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41625339/","title":"Glutathione and neurodegenerative diseases","quote":"Glutathione (GSH), a key regulator of oxidative stress and cellular immunity, has a critical role in modulating the functional states of CNS-resident and infiltrating immune cells.","summary":"Reviews GSH's role in oxidative stress, immunity, and modulation of CNS immune cells in neurodegenerative diseases.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"25156f9702e6f71d86c061f22bc7736bf70e684c2b48b6215b5eae4890f2ae0a"},{"id":"s10","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41712056/","title":"Creatine plus β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate supplementation is associated with preserved glutathione redox-balance and redox-function associations in older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial","quote":"Supplementation was associated with attenuation of the placebo-related increase in oxidized glutathione and nominal preservation of the Glutathione Redox Index, although these effects did not remain significant after FDR adjustment.","summary":"Secondary analysis of RCT in older adults showing creatine + HMB supplementation nominally modulates glutathione redox balance during exercise training.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"c0078cb19d46a1c3ecdab2ab553c1bc6c0458c9ab9fa1b7fe8166cf5fd4886e9"},{"id":"s11","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851454/","title":"Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies cysteine to support tumours","quote":"Our findings indicate a non-canonical role for GSH in supporting tumours by acting as a reservoir of amino acids. Depriving tumours of extracellular GSH or inhibiting its breakdown is potentially a therapeutically tractable approach for patients with cancer.","summary":"Nature paper demonstrating extracellular GSH catabolism provides cysteine to tumors, with implications for cancer therapy targeting GGT activity.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"79fc5d9c260b0e148f0d7abfed885bd45a72cf6df2513768a41e8934ca6bc8e4"},{"id":"s12","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754089/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection: A Systematic Review","quote":"This review examines the efficacy and safety of glutathione supplementation and precursor-based strategies in HIV infection and HIV-tuberculosis co-infection.","summary":"Systematic review on glutathione supplementation efficacy and safety in HIV and TB co-infection.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"bec1b59ce484f9e8be11fbefd156b5eccde10732327223e21067ddd88c8c4331"},{"id":"s13","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42090092/","title":"Glutathione as a Potential Neuroprotectant Against MDMA-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis in the Rat Brain","quote":"Co-administration of glutathione at low MDMA doses ameliorated these effects, restoring antioxidant defenses, suppressing inflammation, and preserving hippocampal architecture. 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Depriving tumours of extracellular GSH or inhibiting its breakdown is potentially a therapeutically tractable approach for patients with cancer.","summary":"Nature paper demonstrating extracellular GSH catabolism provides cysteine to tumors, with implications for cancer therapy targeting GGT activity.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"79fc5d9c260b0e148f0d7abfed885bd45a72cf6df2513768a41e8934ca6bc8e4"},{"id":"s12","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754089/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection: A Systematic Review","quote":"This review examines the efficacy and safety of glutathione supplementation and precursor-based strategies in HIV infection and HIV-tuberculosis co-infection.","summary":"Systematic review on glutathione supplementation efficacy and safety in HIV and TB co-infection.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"bec1b59ce484f9e8be11fbefd156b5eccde10732327223e21067ddd88c8c4331"},{"id":"s13","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42090092/","title":"Glutathione as a Potential Neuroprotectant Against MDMA-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis in the Rat Brain","quote":"Co-administration of glutathione at low MDMA doses ameliorated these effects, restoring antioxidant defenses, suppressing inflammation, and preserving hippocampal architecture. However, its protective efficacy was notably diminished at higher MDMA concentrations.","summary":"2026 animal study showing glutathione provides partial neuroprotection against MDMA-induced brain damage via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, more effective at lower doses.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified","hash":"100a5292a369e1baff7cf09242367ec11d81e93fbc342b9827814d34f7868f18"},{"id":"s14","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854231/","title":"Phospholipid Glutathione Peroxidase Overexpression Mitigates Cancer Cachexia by Protecting Muscle Mass and Lowering Inflammation","quote":"Our results show that GPx4 overexpression protected muscle mass and mitochondrial respiration in tumour-bearing mice, possibly by reducing muscle inflammation and oxidative stress.","summary":"2026 preclinical study on GPx4 (glutathione peroxidase) overexpression reducing cancer cachexia effects on muscle.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"ac58945fe24878f5f04c2ae91e67f1752ce0c5c0c9faf3c4e45644170a4b0553"},{"id":"s15","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41668327/","title":"Is Higher Antioxidant Capacity an Important Determinant of Cognitive Resilience in Aging?","quote":"Glutathione is a major component of the cellular antioxidant system, providing a means of controlling redox homeostasis and affording protection.","summary":"2026 review/discussion linking glutathione and antioxidant capacity to cognitive resilience in aging.","claim_ids":[],"link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified","hash":"2e26b4670d70a1b70a41c7625f1070b664b39020f474c97e31398824c134a733"}],"user_reports":[],"related_articles":[],"question_graph":{"slug":"glutathione","questions":[],"evidence":[],"edges":[],"counts":{"questions":0,"evidence":0,"edges":0}},"honesty":{"active_claims":0,"retracted_claims":0,"cut_claims":0,"challenges":0,"scrub_events":0,"note":"Retracted/cut claims stay on ledger but are excluded from ask unless ?include_inactive=1"},"counts":{"claims":0,"claims_total":0,"sources":15,"anecdotal":0,"scientific":15,"user_reports":0,"questions":0,"evidence_ingests":0}}