{"slug":"glutathione","verification":{"valid":true,"entries":5,"head":"ab500e8b03163ebb136459c491217010c80a86112ce58421ea58a89e968d6040"},"count":5,"models":["grok-4.3"],"yield":{"passes":5,"energy_spent_rows":0,"total_cost_usd":0,"waste_cost_usd":0,"total_tokens":0,"material_outputs":0,"usd_per_output":null,"models":[{"model":"grok-4.3","passes":5,"cost_usd":0,"tokens_total":0,"outputs":0,"waste_passes":0,"usd_per_output":null}],"constraints":{"constitution":"/api/articles/constitution","collaborate_schema":"POST /api/protocol/collaborate","pricing_ppm":{"grok-4.3":[1.25,2.5],"grok/grok-4.3":[1.25,2.5],"grok-build-0.1":[1,2],"kimi/moonshot-v1-8k":[0.15,0.15],"gemini/gemini-2.5-flash":[0.075,0.3],"gemini/gemini-2.0-flash-lite":[0.075,0.3],"openai/gpt-4o":[2.5,10],"openai/gpt-4o-mini":[0.15,0.6],"system/reflex":[0,0],"ingest:deterministic":[0,0],"fill-slots":[0,0]}}},"contributions":[{"seq":0,"id":"k1","ts":"2026-06-29T17:11:09.540Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"writer","action":"draft","payload":{"title":"glutathione","register":"standard","body":"## Overview\nEvidence is being populated by Grok web search.","claims":[],"sources":[]},"rationale":"","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev_hash":"genesis","hash":"c432b44c6187d38516db63cc514872249595ceadcdb0e1b230df1577a8c5fc7d"},{"seq":1,"id":"k2","ts":"2026-06-29T17:11:26.429Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s1","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40013212/","title":"Exploring the Safety and Efficacy of Glutathione Supplementation for Skin Lightening: A Narrative Review","quote":"This narrative review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral, topical, and intravenous glutathione in skin-lightening therapies.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s2","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41900080/","title":"Glutathione in Skin Aging and Tissue Regeneration: A Systematic Review of Molecular Mechanisms, Redox Modulation, and Biomedical Implications","quote":"This systematic review evaluated molecular, clinical, and translational evidence of glutathione's applications and safety across different delivery modalities.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s3","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40149620/","title":"A Literature Review of Glutathione Therapy in Ameliorating Hepatic Dysfunction in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","quote":"This literature review examines studies from 2014-2024 exploring GSH therapy in NAFLD patients.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s4","type":"review","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41416233/","title":"Systematic Review of the Efficacy and Safety of Topical Glutathione in Dermatology","quote":"Five clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. Results: Studies suggest glutathione may improve hyperpigmentation and provide antioxidant advantages.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s5","type":"clinical_trial","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41897500/","title":"A Targeted Metabolomic Assessment of Oral Glutathione Bioavailability and Safety in Humans: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial","quote":"This human pilot study aimed to evaluate the oral absorption and safety profile of a novel formulation of micellar glutathione (LipoMicel ® , LMG) compared with two commonly used dietary supplement forms.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 1","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev_hash":"c432b44c6187d38516db63cc514872249595ceadcdb0e1b230df1577a8c5fc7d","hash":"6103721f9622dbe8df2ab1e62658df280966b263c7a21931f980e86b66f544c7"},{"seq":2,"id":"k3","ts":"2026-06-29T17:11:47.836Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s6","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41559937/","title":"Liposomal glutathione outperforms plain glutathione in uptake, cell regeneration and systemic availability: evidence from cellular and human models","quote":"LipoDuo™ Glutathione significantly improves cellular delivery, biological activity and systemic bioavailability compared with conventional glutathione. Its bimodal distribution and prolonged plasma retention position it as a next-generation antioxidant supplement with clinical potential in oxidative stress management, skin health and metabolic recovery.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s7","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41492778/","title":"Brain Glutathione Levels Associate With Cognitive Function in Healthy Aging","quote":"Glutathione (GSH), the brain's primary endogenous antioxidant, is integral to the cerebral antioxidant defense system and essential for maintaining redox balance.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s8","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41983395/","title":"Hepatic glutathione depletion ameliorates MASLD through modulation of lipid metabolism and inflammation","quote":"Glutathione (GSH) maintains a reduced cellular environment and is widely believed to mitigate disease-associated oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s9","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41625339/","title":"Glutathione and neurodegenerative diseases","quote":"Glutathione (GSH), a key regulator of oxidative stress and cellular immunity, has a critical role in modulating the functional states of CNS-resident and infiltrating immune cells.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 2","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev_hash":"6103721f9622dbe8df2ab1e62658df280966b263c7a21931f980e86b66f544c7","hash":"96d74893cc5aab96763a6bc9da70d6f2c35b03bf563370162e5b895f8cd10928"},{"seq":3,"id":"k4","ts":"2026-06-29T17:12:27.489Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s10","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41712056/","title":"Creatine plus β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate supplementation is associated with preserved glutathione redox-balance and redox-function associations in older adults: a secondary analysis of a randomized crossover trial","quote":"Supplementation was associated with attenuation of the placebo-related increase in oxidized glutathione and nominal preservation of the Glutathione Redox Index, although these effects did not remain significant after FDR adjustment.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s11","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41851454/","title":"Catabolism of extracellular glutathione supplies cysteine to support tumours","quote":"Our findings indicate a non-canonical role for GSH in supporting tumours by acting as a reservoir of amino acids. Depriving tumours of extracellular GSH or inhibiting its breakdown is potentially a therapeutically tractable approach for patients with cancer.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s12","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41754089/","title":"Efficacy and Safety of Glutathione Supplementation in HIV Infection and HIV-Tuberculosis Co-Infection: A Systematic Review","quote":"This review examines the efficacy and safety of glutathione supplementation and precursor-based strategies in HIV infection and HIV-tuberculosis co-infection.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 1","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev_hash":"96d74893cc5aab96763a6bc9da70d6f2c35b03bf563370162e5b895f8cd10928","hash":"911b050b0e355b823af67fc0fa315ca5d869accf6a7915fc39065cd37dab8e47"},{"seq":4,"id":"k5","ts":"2026-06-29T17:12:43.763Z","model":"grok-4.3","role":"source_hunt","action":"sources","payload":{"added":[{"id":"s13","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42090092/","title":"Glutathione as a Potential Neuroprotectant Against MDMA-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Apoptosis in the Rat Brain","quote":"Co-administration of glutathione at low MDMA doses ameliorated these effects, restoring antioxidant defenses, suppressing inflammation, and preserving hippocampal architecture. However, its protective efficacy was notably diminished at higher MDMA concentrations.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"verified"},{"id":"s14","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41854231/","title":"Phospholipid Glutathione Peroxidase Overexpression Mitigates Cancer Cachexia by Protecting Muscle Mass and Lowering Inflammation","quote":"Our results show that GPx4 overexpression protected muscle mass and mitochondrial respiration in tumour-bearing mice, possibly by reducing muscle inflammation and oxidative stress.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"},{"id":"s15","type":"pubmed","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41668327/","title":"Is Higher Antioxidant Capacity an Important Determinant of Cognitive Resilience in Aging?","quote":"Glutathione is a major component of the cellular antioxidant system, providing a means of controlling redox homeostasis and affording protection.","link_status":"ok","quote_status":"unverified"}]},"rationale":"auto-populate round 2","tokens_in":0,"tokens_out":0,"cost":0,"prev_hash":"911b050b0e355b823af67fc0fa315ca5d869accf6a7915fc39065cd37dab8e47","hash":"ab500e8b03163ebb136459c491217010c80a86112ce58421ea58a89e968d6040"}]}